History · Engines · Email games

Chess articles on history, computer chess and correspondence play

From chess history articles on the people, rules and festivals that shaped the game, to pieces on the machines that learned to play it and the slow craft of playing by mail, these chess articles cover three corners of chess.

A knight's tour from a1: every square visited once. Tap a square to start from there.

Browse the chess articles by section

History

Chess history

Soviet champions, scoring rules, festivals and long forced mates, each tied to named sources.

Machines

Computer chess

Dedicated chess computers, opening books, engines and endgame tablebases explained.

By mail

Correspondence chess

How games by post, email and server work, who sets the rules and how to begin.

Start with these computer chess and history articles

Computer chessWhat Is a CTG File? How to Open and Convert ChessBase Opening BooksWhat is a CTG file? A ChessBase opening book stored with CTB and CTO files. How to open one in Fritz or ChessBase, convert it to Polyglot, and its limits.Computer chessFidelity Chess Challenger: Models, Manual and History of the LineThe Fidelity Chess Challenger explained: history from 1977, the main models with levels and hardware, and how to find and read a Chess Challenger manual.Computer chessBest Portable Handheld Chess Computer for TravelA handheld chess computer explained: portable units from 1980 to 1993, their boards, displays and power, and what to weigh before choosing one for travel.Computer chessChessmaster 10th Edition: Josh Waitzkin's Lessons and FeaturesWhat Chessmaster 10th Edition offers, how Josh Waitzkin's lessons fit in, the King engine, its 35 chess sets, the 2004 release dates and what reviewers said.HistoryAugustus Mongredien: Corn Merchant, Free-Trade Writer and Chess PlayerAugustus Mongredien (1807-1888) was a London corn merchant, free trade writer and strong amateur chess player who met Morphy and played in London 1862.HistoryBAP Scoring: The Ballard Anti-Draw Point System in ChessHow the Ballard Anti-Draw Point (BAP) system scores chess games, why a draw as White earns nothing, and how it compares with 3-1-0 and other anti-draw measures.HistoryDavid Levy: Chess Player, Author and Computer Chess PioneerDavid Levy's career: Scottish champion, International Master, the ten-year computer chess bet, Mind Sports Olympiad co-founder and computer games organiser.HistoryMikhail Botvinnik and Soviet Politics: Conviction, Caution and ChessBotvinnik and the Soviet state: his stated convictions, the 1938 Alekhine negotiations, institutional favour, and how historians describe his stance on it.

Chess history: world champions, grandmasters and the stories around them

The chess history articles on this site start with people and rules. Mikhail Botvinnik and the politics around the Soviet school, the Latvian master Israel Zilber, David Levy and his ten-year bet against computer programs, the Mind Sports Olympiad and the Ballard anti-draw scoring system each get a page, and every claim on those pages is tied to a named source. A good piece of chess history keeps documented facts apart from stories that were only repeated for decades, and says which is which.

Where the sources disagree, the article says so. A date given in one reference and a different date in another appear side by side with their origins, and a detail that no reference confirms is left out. Grandmasters who wrote about their own games are read next to the people who analysed those games later, so a reader can see where the accounts agree and where they part ways.

Computer chess: engines, tablebases and the machines before them

Computer chess is covered from two ends. One end is the hardware that reached living rooms in the late 1970s, such as the Fidelity Chess Challenger, with model lists by year and pointers to where the manuals are held. The other is the software side: how an opening book is stored, what a tablebase knows about endgames, and why a file with the extension .ctg is an opening book and not a game.

These computer chess articles explain terms in plain language and link each one to a short glossary entry. Handheld chess computers are described by what they are and how they differ, not ranked by tests that were never run, and a figure without a source is left out.

Correspondence chess: how email games and slow play work

Correspondence chess means games played over days or weeks, once by post and now mostly by email or a game server. The correspondence chess guide covers the basics: how a game is organised, what the usual time allowances look like, how the governing body sets its rules and what a newcomer needs to join an event.

Rules differ between organisers, especially on which tools are allowed during a game, so the guide names the rule set it describes instead of speaking for all of them.

How the chess articles are sourced

Every one of these chess articles ends with the list of sources it was written from, and names the edition or page when a book or a rulebook is cited. Model names, dates and rule details come from primary documents where they exist. When only secondary sources could be found, the article says so in the text.

Frequently asked questions

What kinds of chess articles are published here?

Three kinds: history pieces about players, rules and events; computer chess articles on dedicated chess computers, engines, opening books, tablebases and file formats; and correspondence chess guides. Short glossary entries sit alongside them.

What is a CTG file?

A CTG file is an opening book in the format used by ChessBase programs. It stores positions and move statistics instead of full games and belongs to a set with companion .ctb and .cto files. The computer chess section explains what each file holds and which software reads them.

Where can a Fidelity Chess Challenger manual be found?

Collectors and museums keep scans of manuals for many Fidelity models. The page on the Chess Challenger names the archives that hold them and lists the models with the year each source gives.

How does correspondence chess differ from online blitz?

Moves are sent hours or days apart, so there is no clock pressure inside a single move. Which research tools are allowed depends on the rules of the organiser running the event.

What is the Ballard anti-draw point system?

BAP is a scoring scheme for tournaments in which a draw with White earns nothing and a win with Black is worth more than a win with White. The article on BAP sets out the points table and compares it with other anti-draw measures.